Inokulasi Mushroom Sandalwood.
According to Sumarna ( 2002), produced inokulan [in] laboratory there are some kinds of, that is solid inokulan, liquid inokulan and pure breeding inokulan. To obtain;get good inokulan, precisely and according to only passing governmental institution or institute, college, and also entrepreneur of private sector. This [is] caused [by] farmer cannot produce [by] xself the inokulan because needing laboratory for the development of inokulan. technique of Inokulasi with inokulan to aloe different each other according to its form [of] him. [At] execution of inokulasi to aloe, have to be paid attention its bar diameter and age. Minimum boundary a[n tree earn diinokulasi marked with inflorescent tree. Usually old age the the crop gyrate [about/around] 4-5 bar diameter or year have reached 8-10 cm.
Production technically will be determined by production pattern target and target, the following:
a. For the purpose of oil production of atsiri, potency produce [at] class of kemedangan anticipated in a period of 2-3 year after inokulasi, tree can be harvested. Physical tree sign [is] still have coronet [to] and close leaf, but showing indisposed leaf sign ( pale, brass).
b. Production legislate sandalwood, a period of/to production will be determined by ability of ecological disease and also place environment grow tree. Natural sandalwood with infection limited to part of hurt effect of broken branch, process forming of sandalwood can take place tens of year, with treatment engineering [pass/through] to drill and bar of inokulasi disease, conducive [by] [of] process forming of sandalwood [at] trees producer of quicker sandalwood.
Wednesday, March 31, 2010
fungi proteins poy acrylamide electrophoresis
Insulation Mushroom Sandalwood.
[In] world noted [by] 17 mushroom gender that is Botrydiplodia, Curvularia, Cercosporella, Chaetonium, Cladosporium, Cythospaera, Diplodia, Fusarium, Pestalotia, Popularia, Phalogniculata, Phytomyces, Pythium, Rhinocladiella, Rhizoctonia, Spidostilbella and of Trichoderma. Seven gender among others that is Botrydiplodia, Diplodia, Fusarium, Popularia, Rhinocladiela, and Rhizoctonia have been found [by] [at] legislating sandalwood [in] West Nusa Tenggara and of Kalimantan.
To in Indonesia mushroom types which have been checked by previous researcher for example Fusarium spp., Spp Acremonium., Pythium Sp., Trichoderma Sp., Libertella Sp., Lasiodiplodia Sp., Scytalidium Sp., Popularia Sp., Rhizoctonia Sp., Rhinocladiela Sp., Thielaviopsis Sp., Phomopsis Sp., Aspergillus Sp.,Dan Cytosphaeria sp., and from the mushroom type most coming from class of Duteromycetes, and mushroom which finding many of coming from gender of Fusarium and of Acremonium.
Pursuant to result of perception and examination of laboratory to process forming of natural sandalwood, by biologis started by the happening of hurt [at] bar, root or branch, the hurt [is] infection by disease and last known by mushroom type group. Result identify and purification to isolat, whereas known from type of Fusarium and sp of Acremonium sp. as cause of disease of pembentuk of dominant sandalwood. Isolat or source disease of pembentuk of sandalwood of area environment or area to produce, important in order to be known with assumption that although its [is] same disease type, anticipated [by] because environment, hence will differ in its performance ( Sumarna, 2004).
Mushroom cause of disease ( patogen) earn insulation of ill aloe which above the ground. Insulation mushroom [in] solder cup which have contained dextrose potato [so that/ to be] ( PDA), after growing in the form of meselium and fulfill cup, [is] later;then kept [by] [in] kulkas for the supply of ( Mardji, 2004)
[In] world noted [by] 17 mushroom gender that is Botrydiplodia, Curvularia, Cercosporella, Chaetonium, Cladosporium, Cythospaera, Diplodia, Fusarium, Pestalotia, Popularia, Phalogniculata, Phytomyces, Pythium, Rhinocladiella, Rhizoctonia, Spidostilbella and of Trichoderma. Seven gender among others that is Botrydiplodia, Diplodia, Fusarium, Popularia, Rhinocladiela, and Rhizoctonia have been found [by] [at] legislating sandalwood [in] West Nusa Tenggara and of Kalimantan.
To in Indonesia mushroom types which have been checked by previous researcher for example Fusarium spp., Spp Acremonium., Pythium Sp., Trichoderma Sp., Libertella Sp., Lasiodiplodia Sp., Scytalidium Sp., Popularia Sp., Rhizoctonia Sp., Rhinocladiela Sp., Thielaviopsis Sp., Phomopsis Sp., Aspergillus Sp.,Dan Cytosphaeria sp., and from the mushroom type most coming from class of Duteromycetes, and mushroom which finding many of coming from gender of Fusarium and of Acremonium.
Pursuant to result of perception and examination of laboratory to process forming of natural sandalwood, by biologis started by the happening of hurt [at] bar, root or branch, the hurt [is] infection by disease and last known by mushroom type group. Result identify and purification to isolat, whereas known from type of Fusarium and sp of Acremonium sp. as cause of disease of pembentuk of dominant sandalwood. Isolat or source disease of pembentuk of sandalwood of area environment or area to produce, important in order to be known with assumption that although its [is] same disease type, anticipated [by] because environment, hence will differ in its performance ( Sumarna, 2004).
Mushroom cause of disease ( patogen) earn insulation of ill aloe which above the ground. Insulation mushroom [in] solder cup which have contained dextrose potato [so that/ to be] ( PDA), after growing in the form of meselium and fulfill cup, [is] later;then kept [by] [in] kulkas for the supply of ( Mardji, 2004)
how to eliminate candida fungi
Erdy Santoso, researcher of Microbiological laboratory [of] Timberland, Centre of research and development Forest and Natural Conservation [in] Bogor in the year 1984 mushroom type insulation of aloe-wood which [is] fragrant. Of that effort, Erdy identify five mushroom type that is Fusarium oxysporium, F. bulbigenium., F. laseritium., Sp Botryodiplodia. and Pythium sp. ( Compass, 2001b).
Concerning cause incidence [of] sandalwood, Dkk Parman. ( 1996) [in] University of Mataram mention, that microorganism pembentuk of sandalwood [in] Lombok island [is] Fusarium lateritium., Sp Popularia., Rhizocladeilla Sp. and Rhizoctonia sp.
Besides found also mushroom type which [is] have association [to] [at] part of ill sandalwood naturally [is] Cytosphaera mangiferae ( Bhaskar, 1984), Flavolives Melanotus ( Qi, 1990), Spp Fusarium., Trichoderma Sp., Scytalidium Sp. and Thielaviopsis sp. ( Sumarna, 2002).
Concerning cause incidence [of] sandalwood, Dkk Parman. ( 1996) [in] University of Mataram mention, that microorganism pembentuk of sandalwood [in] Lombok island [is] Fusarium lateritium., Sp Popularia., Rhizocladeilla Sp. and Rhizoctonia sp.
Besides found also mushroom type which [is] have association [to] [at] part of ill sandalwood naturally [is] Cytosphaera mangiferae ( Bhaskar, 1984), Flavolives Melanotus ( Qi, 1990), Spp Fusarium., Trichoderma Sp., Scytalidium Sp. and Thielaviopsis sp. ( Sumarna, 2002).
foot fungi
b. Vegetatif Perbanyakan.
Perbanyakan by vegetatif represent perbanyakan by exploiting part of crop like bydm soriyt ( or anakan of sapihan), transplant and sprout stek. Besides, perbanyakan of crop also can [pass/through] network culture technique.
6. Technique Produce Sandalwood.
According to Santoso dkk. ( 1995), sandalwood collection [in] natural forest by society still [done/conducted] by cutting away and choping up the parts of anticipated tree contain sandalwood by using big knife or axe. According to Sumarna ( 2002), on the basis of mechanism forming of sandalwood naturally, hence very possible [by] technological engineering with applying of treatment of hurt and [gift/ giving] of inokulan disease of pembentuk of appropriate sandalwood [is] condition of with environment. According to Sumarna ( 2002), marking a[n tree have been formed [by] sandalwood for example :
1. Stick losing of leaf and start to run dry.
2. Bar husk start to run dry and losing of water rate.
3. easier Bar husk abrad and break.
4. Leaf turn yellow to start to moult and berhamburan below/under tree.
5. If/When burned, exposition husk will [release] typical odorous aroma as resin of resin sandalwood.
6. Leaf [at] tree coronet have turned yellow in phases. This sign relative [is] equal to sign of[is existence of disease trouble.
7. physically growth desisted.
8. Stick and branch start meranggas and is breakable.
9. Bar, branch, and fibrous white chromatic stick and also coklat-hitam with red wood terrace;core [is] chocolate or black if/when its husk [is] pared.
Perbanyakan by vegetatif represent perbanyakan by exploiting part of crop like bydm soriyt ( or anakan of sapihan), transplant and sprout stek. Besides, perbanyakan of crop also can [pass/through] network culture technique.
6. Technique Produce Sandalwood.
According to Santoso dkk. ( 1995), sandalwood collection [in] natural forest by society still [done/conducted] by cutting away and choping up the parts of anticipated tree contain sandalwood by using big knife or axe. According to Sumarna ( 2002), on the basis of mechanism forming of sandalwood naturally, hence very possible [by] technological engineering with applying of treatment of hurt and [gift/ giving] of inokulan disease of pembentuk of appropriate sandalwood [is] condition of with environment. According to Sumarna ( 2002), marking a[n tree have been formed [by] sandalwood for example :
1. Stick losing of leaf and start to run dry.
2. Bar husk start to run dry and losing of water rate.
3. easier Bar husk abrad and break.
4. Leaf turn yellow to start to moult and berhamburan below/under tree.
5. If/When burned, exposition husk will [release] typical odorous aroma as resin of resin sandalwood.
6. Leaf [at] tree coronet have turned yellow in phases. This sign relative [is] equal to sign of[is existence of disease trouble.
7. physically growth desisted.
8. Stick and branch start meranggas and is breakable.
9. Bar, branch, and fibrous white chromatic stick and also coklat-hitam with red wood terrace;core [is] chocolate or black if/when its husk [is] pared.
edible fungi
According to Sumarna ( 2002), perbanyakan of sandalwood can be [done/conducted] generatively and also vegetatif. Perbanyakan generatively use seed, while perbanyakan by vegetatif mengunakan transplant, sprout stek and network culture.
a. Generative Perbanyakan.
Crop Perbanyakan generatively by using seed need ketersedian of natural mains tree ( stand seed) or seed mains garden ( orchad seed) looked after well. [So that/ to be] succeeding in perbanyakan of crop generatively, there are some technical step which must follow, that is as follows:
1) Gathering of seed and fruit as seed.
2) Treatment of seed before planted.
3) Sprinkler of seed.
4) Planting in polybag.
5) Planting in bedeng plant.
6) Penyekapan in plastic sack;bag.
7) Conservancy, including sprinkler, and fertilization of proteksi.
a. Generative Perbanyakan.
Crop Perbanyakan generatively by using seed need ketersedian of natural mains tree ( stand seed) or seed mains garden ( orchad seed) looked after well. [So that/ to be] succeeding in perbanyakan of crop generatively, there are some technical step which must follow, that is as follows:
1) Gathering of seed and fruit as seed.
2) Treatment of seed before planted.
3) Sprinkler of seed.
4) Planting in polybag.
5) Planting in bedeng plant.
6) Penyekapan in plastic sack;bag.
7) Conservancy, including sprinkler, and fertilization of proteksi.
fungi pictures
4. Process Forming of Sandalwood.
Susilo ( 2003) explaining marginally process forming of sandalwood able to happened with two way of, that is naturally and made inly.
a. Naturally.
[All] expert anticipate that formed [his/its] [of] interconnected sandalwood sliver with symptom of patologis which early with hurt excitement [at] bar, tree stick or branch which broken and influence of other physical. As a result tree grow to pine away or pain. There [is] also which of opinion that physiological growth [of] tree which [is] tergganggu effect of mushroom attack, water insuffiency or bacterium so that tree grow to pine away. Besides, there [is] expressing that sandalwood [is] resin ( resin oleo) formed by plant which [is] disease infection through process of komplek.
b. made inly.
Tribe of Dayak [in] traditional Kalimantan knowledge mempuyai make to legislate [done/conducted] sandalwood by dabbing and sugar of oli [at] aloe-wood. “ Sugar can become media grow and fungi of oli become the source of required protein also by that fungi,” express Santoso ( Kompas,1996). [In] Faculty Of Agriculture University of Mataram, five the last year [by] continuous test-drive for the conducting of aloe and adjusment of technology of forming legislate sandalwood. [In] NTB tried to develop sandalwood start from crop conducting till produce to legislate sandalwood. Development of this high economic valuable crop type have [done/conducted] many [in] area owning sandalwood potency which can give opportunity improve prosperity of people. Sandalwood conducting [do] not only [done/conducted] by farmer circle owning limited farm, but also draw farmer of have farm owner necktie [to] enough or only exploiting lawn, borrowed ideas from ( Compass, 2001b).
During the time have been recognized [by] simple technology to form sandalwood made inly, for example:
1) Hurting part of tree bar: [is] in this way expected [by] mikroorganisme come into bar, mentioned sore stick or branch, so that cause the happening of forming of sandalwood [at] shares.
2) Inoculation of mikroorganisme: [done/conducted] [by] drilling of bar until 3 cm, later;then [enter/include] mushroom hifa into the hole and re-closed with wax;candle. [Is] afterwards perceived [by] possibility the happening of sandalwood [at] bar.
3) Inoculation of demerara and oli: mixture of oli demerara and [entered/included] into hole which have been made [by] [at] tree bar, later;then hole re-closed with wax;candle.
4) Including sandalwood cutting: small sandalwood cutting which got from other tree [entered/included] into made hole drilled into tree producer of sandalwood. Hole covered with wax;candle, the sandalwood cutting act as inokulan [at] bar which still is healthy.
5. Perbanyakan Crop Sandalwood.
Susilo ( 2003) explaining marginally process forming of sandalwood able to happened with two way of, that is naturally and made inly.
a. Naturally.
[All] expert anticipate that formed [his/its] [of] interconnected sandalwood sliver with symptom of patologis which early with hurt excitement [at] bar, tree stick or branch which broken and influence of other physical. As a result tree grow to pine away or pain. There [is] also which of opinion that physiological growth [of] tree which [is] tergganggu effect of mushroom attack, water insuffiency or bacterium so that tree grow to pine away. Besides, there [is] expressing that sandalwood [is] resin ( resin oleo) formed by plant which [is] disease infection through process of komplek.
b. made inly.
Tribe of Dayak [in] traditional Kalimantan knowledge mempuyai make to legislate [done/conducted] sandalwood by dabbing and sugar of oli [at] aloe-wood. “ Sugar can become media grow and fungi of oli become the source of required protein also by that fungi,” express Santoso ( Kompas,1996). [In] Faculty Of Agriculture University of Mataram, five the last year [by] continuous test-drive for the conducting of aloe and adjusment of technology of forming legislate sandalwood. [In] NTB tried to develop sandalwood start from crop conducting till produce to legislate sandalwood. Development of this high economic valuable crop type have [done/conducted] many [in] area owning sandalwood potency which can give opportunity improve prosperity of people. Sandalwood conducting [do] not only [done/conducted] by farmer circle owning limited farm, but also draw farmer of have farm owner necktie [to] enough or only exploiting lawn, borrowed ideas from ( Compass, 2001b).
During the time have been recognized [by] simple technology to form sandalwood made inly, for example:
1) Hurting part of tree bar: [is] in this way expected [by] mikroorganisme come into bar, mentioned sore stick or branch, so that cause the happening of forming of sandalwood [at] shares.
2) Inoculation of mikroorganisme: [done/conducted] [by] drilling of bar until 3 cm, later;then [enter/include] mushroom hifa into the hole and re-closed with wax;candle. [Is] afterwards perceived [by] possibility the happening of sandalwood [at] bar.
3) Inoculation of demerara and oli: mixture of oli demerara and [entered/included] into hole which have been made [by] [at] tree bar, later;then hole re-closed with wax;candle.
4) Including sandalwood cutting: small sandalwood cutting which got from other tree [entered/included] into made hole drilled into tree producer of sandalwood. Hole covered with wax;candle, the sandalwood cutting act as inokulan [at] bar which still is healthy.
5. Perbanyakan Crop Sandalwood.
what are fungi
b. Spp Aetoxylon.
High [of] group tree of Aetoxylon [is] [about/around] 15 m with diameter [about/around] 25-75 cm. its Bar husk [of] ashes chromatic or kehitaman and rubbery turn white. Its globular leaf [of] egg or ellipse with slippery surface and gleam. its Handle leaf length only [about/around] 8 mm. Its flower stay in group like umbrella by 5-6 kuntum. Long [of] flower handle [about/around] 9 mm. The flower circular with length [about/around] 3 cm, wide 2 cm and thick 1 cm. This type of growing [in] lowland forest [at] sandy dry farming. Area of[is growing of sub-tropical climate, rainfall [about/around] 1.400 mm / year have, ambient temperature [to] 27o C and of berkelembapan air [about/around] 80 %. Name of area this type of for example wood of bidurob, laka, harrow laka, harrow and crocodile of pelabayan. Its spreading only [in] Kalimantan, [in] lowland forest until height 100 mdpl.
c. Spp Gonystylus.
High [of] group plant of Gonystylus spp. can reach 45 m with tree bar diameter [among/between] 30-120 cm. This plant have [of] flimsy coronet [to] and take root napas. Its globular single leaf [of] egg with length 4-15 cm, wide 2-7 cm, slippery and sharp-pointed back part have, handle [to] [about/around] 8-18 green chromatic and mm [of] kehitaman. Its flower in form of laminated malai two which appear [in/on] tip of leaf armpit or stick with colour turn yellow with flower handle length [about/around] 1,5 cm. Its fruit ossify globularly [of] and egg have sharp-pointed back part [to]. In fruit there are three room, long [of] fruit 4-5 cm and wide 3-4 cm. Its seed [of] black chromatic. This sandalwood [is] generally formed [by] [at] secondhand of taksis sit branch so that generally form sandalwood become circularly. Name of this sandalwood area for example karas, mengkaras, harrow, balim, pious, cucumber, pinagbae, nio, harrow crocodile, harrow areca, pack, profit ki, harrow bideung, bunta, mengenrai, makiri udi and of sirantih. Its spreading enough wide [of] in Indonesia for example Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Moluccas and of Papua.
d. Spp Enkleia.
Spp Enkleia. representing plant type of liana ( memanjat) which [is] have potency [to] yield sandalwood. Long [of] this crop can reach [about/around] 30 m with bar diameter [about/around] 10 cm. Its bar [of] squeezing, beranting and have appliance of pengait. Its flower reside in tip of stick with white colour or brass, long [of] tired flower handle 30 cm. Circular fruit [of] egg with length 1,25 cm and wide 0,5 cm. This plant [is] recognized with a few the name of area like root tirap, oil lamp root, black root, harrow cempaka, harrow areca, profit ki, karan medang, mengenrai, makiri udi, harrow and crocodile of bunta. Its spreading [is] started from Your Archipelago, Birma, Indochina, Sumatra ( Riau, Bangka) and Kalimantan.
e. Polyantha Merr Wikstroemia.
This plant in form of bush highly reach 7 m. Its bar have [of] diameter [to] [about/around] 7,5 cm. Its stick [of] brown or red chromatic. elliptical or Circular leaf ( lanset) with length 4-12 cm and wide 4 cm. Piece of flimsy leaf, slippery [in] both and surface have long handle [to] [about/around] 3 cm. Its flower in form of malai reside in tip of leaf armpit or stick with each;every malai yield six rust colored flower, turn white greenness, or turn white. Flower handle [about/around] 1 mm, circular or elliptical corolla [of] egg with length 8 mm and wide 5 mm, rose colored and also. This plant have some name of area for example is competent, chevrotain tree, wood of linggu, and shield of terentak. Spread over in Indonesia, Malaysia and of Polynesia.
f. Macrophyllus Gyrinops ( Miq.)
Plant type producer of this sandalwood in the form of tree with characteristic and nature of morfologis relative [is] equal to set of relatives plant group of Thymeleaceae. Spread over [in] Nicobar, Malaysia and Indonesia ( except Central Java, East Java and of Nusa South-East).
g. Parvifolia Dalbergia
This species represent one of [the] plant producer of sandalwood of set of relatives of Leguminosae. This Plant represent plant of liana.
h. Agalocha Excoccaria
This type of representing member of set of relatives of Euphorbiaceae and pertained as high plant. High [of] this tree [about/around] 10-20 tired diameter and m 40 cm.
High [of] group tree of Aetoxylon [is] [about/around] 15 m with diameter [about/around] 25-75 cm. its Bar husk [of] ashes chromatic or kehitaman and rubbery turn white. Its globular leaf [of] egg or ellipse with slippery surface and gleam. its Handle leaf length only [about/around] 8 mm. Its flower stay in group like umbrella by 5-6 kuntum. Long [of] flower handle [about/around] 9 mm. The flower circular with length [about/around] 3 cm, wide 2 cm and thick 1 cm. This type of growing [in] lowland forest [at] sandy dry farming. Area of[is growing of sub-tropical climate, rainfall [about/around] 1.400 mm / year have, ambient temperature [to] 27o C and of berkelembapan air [about/around] 80 %. Name of area this type of for example wood of bidurob, laka, harrow laka, harrow and crocodile of pelabayan. Its spreading only [in] Kalimantan, [in] lowland forest until height 100 mdpl.
c. Spp Gonystylus.
High [of] group plant of Gonystylus spp. can reach 45 m with tree bar diameter [among/between] 30-120 cm. This plant have [of] flimsy coronet [to] and take root napas. Its globular single leaf [of] egg with length 4-15 cm, wide 2-7 cm, slippery and sharp-pointed back part have, handle [to] [about/around] 8-18 green chromatic and mm [of] kehitaman. Its flower in form of laminated malai two which appear [in/on] tip of leaf armpit or stick with colour turn yellow with flower handle length [about/around] 1,5 cm. Its fruit ossify globularly [of] and egg have sharp-pointed back part [to]. In fruit there are three room, long [of] fruit 4-5 cm and wide 3-4 cm. Its seed [of] black chromatic. This sandalwood [is] generally formed [by] [at] secondhand of taksis sit branch so that generally form sandalwood become circularly. Name of this sandalwood area for example karas, mengkaras, harrow, balim, pious, cucumber, pinagbae, nio, harrow crocodile, harrow areca, pack, profit ki, harrow bideung, bunta, mengenrai, makiri udi and of sirantih. Its spreading enough wide [of] in Indonesia for example Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Moluccas and of Papua.
d. Spp Enkleia.
Spp Enkleia. representing plant type of liana ( memanjat) which [is] have potency [to] yield sandalwood. Long [of] this crop can reach [about/around] 30 m with bar diameter [about/around] 10 cm. Its bar [of] squeezing, beranting and have appliance of pengait. Its flower reside in tip of stick with white colour or brass, long [of] tired flower handle 30 cm. Circular fruit [of] egg with length 1,25 cm and wide 0,5 cm. This plant [is] recognized with a few the name of area like root tirap, oil lamp root, black root, harrow cempaka, harrow areca, profit ki, karan medang, mengenrai, makiri udi, harrow and crocodile of bunta. Its spreading [is] started from Your Archipelago, Birma, Indochina, Sumatra ( Riau, Bangka) and Kalimantan.
e. Polyantha Merr Wikstroemia.
This plant in form of bush highly reach 7 m. Its bar have [of] diameter [to] [about/around] 7,5 cm. Its stick [of] brown or red chromatic. elliptical or Circular leaf ( lanset) with length 4-12 cm and wide 4 cm. Piece of flimsy leaf, slippery [in] both and surface have long handle [to] [about/around] 3 cm. Its flower in form of malai reside in tip of leaf armpit or stick with each;every malai yield six rust colored flower, turn white greenness, or turn white. Flower handle [about/around] 1 mm, circular or elliptical corolla [of] egg with length 8 mm and wide 5 mm, rose colored and also. This plant have some name of area for example is competent, chevrotain tree, wood of linggu, and shield of terentak. Spread over in Indonesia, Malaysia and of Polynesia.
f. Macrophyllus Gyrinops ( Miq.)
Plant type producer of this sandalwood in the form of tree with characteristic and nature of morfologis relative [is] equal to set of relatives plant group of Thymeleaceae. Spread over [in] Nicobar, Malaysia and Indonesia ( except Central Java, East Java and of Nusa South-East).
g. Parvifolia Dalbergia
This species represent one of [the] plant producer of sandalwood of set of relatives of Leguminosae. This Plant represent plant of liana.
h. Agalocha Excoccaria
This type of representing member of set of relatives of Euphorbiaceae and pertained as high plant. High [of] this tree [about/around] 10-20 tired diameter and m 40 cm.
fungi
[Is] borrowed ideas from ( Sumarna, 2002), and ( Susilo, 2003), to recognize some potential crop type yield sandalwood, it is important to know [common/ public] picture about characteristic of morfologis and is ecological [of] him. As for [common/ public] picture some crop species mentioned as following :
a. Spp Aquilaria.
Plant bar of group of Aquilaria spp. can reach high 35-40 m, diameter [about/around] 60 and cm have hardwood. its slippery Bar husk [of] whitish or white chromatic. Its ellipse leaf [is] length with length 5-8 cm, wide 3-4 cm have, sharp-pointed back part [to] and green chromatic gleam. Its flower reside in tip of armpit or stick to the and and under leaf. Fruit stay in globular polong [of] egg or is ellipse, fairish [of] length [about/around] 5 cm and wide 3 cm. circular or Circular seed [of] egg closed over [by] smooth plume [of] red chromatic.
From group of Aquilaria this, there are some type which [is] have potency [to] yield high sandalwood with quality, among others [is] A. beccariana, A. filarial, A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa.
1. Beccariana van Aquilaria of Tiegh.
Type A. beccariana grow to start from lowland till 850 metre above sea level. Area grow [of] climate have to be dry with rainfall [about/around] 1.500 mm / year. Some name of girded [by] area [is] this species [is] mengkaras, and sandalwood of gumbil nyabak. Generally found many [in] Kalimantan, but spread over also [in] Malaysia and of Palembang.
2. Malaccensis Lamk Aquilaria.
[In] potential area, high [of] tree A. malaccensis can reach 40 m with bar diameter 80 cm. Area of[is growing of [is] [in] lowland forest and mountain [at] height 0-750 mdpl. area have hot Climate [to] with mean temperature 32o C, kelembapan of air [about/around] 70 % and rainfall less than 2.000 mm / year. This species have some name of area like abir, karas, sandalwood, harrow, kereb halim, and mengkaras of seringak. Spreading this type of started is Indian, Birma, Malaysia, Sumatra ( Sibolangit, Bangka and some area [in] South Sumatra), Kalimantan East, Serawak and Philippine.
3. Microcarpa Baill Aquilaria.
High [of] tree A. microcarpa can reach [about/around] 35 m with bar diameter [about/around] 70 cm. This type of owning some name of area, among others [is] tengkaras, engkaras, karas and harrow bone. Its spreading for example [in] Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra ( Palembang, Riau, Bangka, Belitung).
4. Filarial van Aquilaria of Tiegh.
High [of] tree A. filarial only [among/between] 15-18 m with diameter [about/around] 50 cm. This type of growing either in lowland forest and bog till height 150 mdpl. Grow goodness [at] area have dry climate [to] with rainfall [about/around] 1.000 mm / year. Name of its area [is] age ( Papua) and of las ( Moluccas), spread over to Philippine.
a. Spp Aquilaria.
Plant bar of group of Aquilaria spp. can reach high 35-40 m, diameter [about/around] 60 and cm have hardwood. its slippery Bar husk [of] whitish or white chromatic. Its ellipse leaf [is] length with length 5-8 cm, wide 3-4 cm have, sharp-pointed back part [to] and green chromatic gleam. Its flower reside in tip of armpit or stick to the and and under leaf. Fruit stay in globular polong [of] egg or is ellipse, fairish [of] length [about/around] 5 cm and wide 3 cm. circular or Circular seed [of] egg closed over [by] smooth plume [of] red chromatic.
From group of Aquilaria this, there are some type which [is] have potency [to] yield high sandalwood with quality, among others [is] A. beccariana, A. filarial, A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa.
1. Beccariana van Aquilaria of Tiegh.
Type A. beccariana grow to start from lowland till 850 metre above sea level. Area grow [of] climate have to be dry with rainfall [about/around] 1.500 mm / year. Some name of girded [by] area [is] this species [is] mengkaras, and sandalwood of gumbil nyabak. Generally found many [in] Kalimantan, but spread over also [in] Malaysia and of Palembang.
2. Malaccensis Lamk Aquilaria.
[In] potential area, high [of] tree A. malaccensis can reach 40 m with bar diameter 80 cm. Area of[is growing of [is] [in] lowland forest and mountain [at] height 0-750 mdpl. area have hot Climate [to] with mean temperature 32o C, kelembapan of air [about/around] 70 % and rainfall less than 2.000 mm / year. This species have some name of area like abir, karas, sandalwood, harrow, kereb halim, and mengkaras of seringak. Spreading this type of started is Indian, Birma, Malaysia, Sumatra ( Sibolangit, Bangka and some area [in] South Sumatra), Kalimantan East, Serawak and Philippine.
3. Microcarpa Baill Aquilaria.
High [of] tree A. microcarpa can reach [about/around] 35 m with bar diameter [about/around] 70 cm. This type of owning some name of area, among others [is] tengkaras, engkaras, karas and harrow bone. Its spreading for example [in] Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra ( Palembang, Riau, Bangka, Belitung).
4. Filarial van Aquilaria of Tiegh.
High [of] tree A. filarial only [among/between] 15-18 m with diameter [about/around] 50 cm. This type of growing either in lowland forest and bog till height 150 mdpl. Grow goodness [at] area have dry climate [to] with rainfall [about/around] 1.000 mm / year. Name of its area [is] age ( Papua) and of las ( Moluccas), spread over to Philippine.
the best agarwood in vietnam
According to Sumarna ( 2002), area spreading of sandalwood in Indonesia for example Sumatra forest area, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Papua, Nusa South-East and Java. Ecologically sandalwood types in Indonesia grow [at] area with height 0-2.400 mdpl. Generally sandalwood which good to with quality grow [at] area have hot climate [to] with temperature 28-34o C, kelembapan of air 60-80 % and rainfall 1.000-2.000 mm / year.
agarwood tree picture
Sandalwood yielded by trees which grow [in] tropical zone and other organism infection, the trees [is] member from is clan [of] Aquilaria, Gyrinops and of Gonystilus all [is] included in set of relatives of Thymeleaceae. Clan [of] Aquilaria consist of 15 species, spread over [in] Asian trop. start Indianly, Pakistan, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Combodia, China South, Malaysia, Philippine and Indonesia. Six [is] among others found in Indonesia ( A. malaccensis, A. macrocarpa, A. hirta, A. beccariana, A. cumingiana and A. filarial). Sixth [of] the type there are almost in all archipelago of Indonesia, except Java, Bali and of Nusa South-East. Clan [of] Gonystilus have 20 species, spread over [in] South-East Asia start from Malaysia ( Serawak, Sabah), Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippine and archipelago of Solomon and also archipelago of Nicobar. Nine species among others there are in Indonesia that is: [in] Sumatra, Kalimantan, Bali, Moluccas and of Irian Glorious. Clan [of] Gyrinops have seven species. Six among others spread over in Indonesia part of east and also one species there are [in] Srilanka ( Anonim, 2000) From result of Departmental stocktaking [of] wide [of] Forestry [of] sandalwood forest naturally in Indonesia the more or less 4.800.000 ha there are [in] 18 Province that is [in] North Sumatra, Riau, West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Kalimantan South, Kalimantan East, Middle Kalimantan, Sulawesi South, Middle Sulawesi, Sulawesi North, Middle Moluccas, Moluccas South-East, Glorious Irian [of] West and of Papua ( Anonim, 2004). In Indonesia have also been recognized [by] counted 11 plant type producer of sandalwood nine type among others the including tribe of Thymeleaceae, one type of tribe of Leguminosae and one again pertained tribe of Euphorbiaceae. Sandalwood coming from type A. Lamk malaccensis. ( Thymeleaceae) Dikatagorikan as best sandalwood [of] its quality and is costly [of] its price ( Sidiyasa and of Suharti, 1987)
agarwood incense
Quality of Indonesia sandalwood nationally dikelompokan become 3 sortimen, for example : ( According to Whom?)
a. Legislate sandalwood, divided in 3 class of[is quality of ( especial quality = equivalent with super quality; first quality = equivalent with quality of AB; and [both/ second] quality = equivalent with quality of super Sabah).
b. Kemedangan, divided in 7 class of[is quality of ( strarting from first quality = equivalent with quality of TGA / tk1 up to seventh quality = equivalent with quality of M3).
c. Sandalwood ash, divided in 3 class of[is quality of ( especial quality, first and [both/ second]).
a. Legislate sandalwood, divided in 3 class of[is quality of ( especial quality = equivalent with super quality; first quality = equivalent with quality of AB; and [both/ second] quality = equivalent with quality of super Sabah).
b. Kemedangan, divided in 7 class of[is quality of ( strarting from first quality = equivalent with quality of TGA / tk1 up to seventh quality = equivalent with quality of M3).
c. Sandalwood ash, divided in 3 class of[is quality of ( especial quality, first and [both/ second]).
agarwood bangkok
Sandalwood [is] of a kind wood with various typical colour and form, and also have fragrant resin content, coming from tree shares or tree producer of sandalwood which grow naturally and have died, in consequence of infection process that happened, either through experiencing of or made in [at] the tree and in general happened [at] tree of Aquilaria sp. ( Name of area: Karas, Pious, Harrow and others) ( Anonim, 1998), In commerce of sandalwood recognized [by] terms for example:
a. Sandalwood ash [is] yielded aloe-wood serbuk of kibbling process or crushing of aloe-wood of[is rest of or sweeping of pengerokan.
b. Sandalwood resin [is] of a kind soft and solid rubber, which come from tree shares or tree producer of sandalwood, with strong aroma and marked by its brown colour.
c. Legislate sandalwood [is] wood coming from tree shares or tree producer of sandalwood, owning fragrant resin content with rather strong aroma, marked by its blackish or black colour have brown interlude [to].
d. Kemedangan [is] wood coming from tree shares or tree producer of sandalwood, owning fragrant resin content with aroma which is weak to be, marked by its ashes white colour until kecoklat-coklatan, harsh fibrous, and its soft wood.
a. Sandalwood ash [is] yielded aloe-wood serbuk of kibbling process or crushing of aloe-wood of[is rest of or sweeping of pengerokan.
b. Sandalwood resin [is] of a kind soft and solid rubber, which come from tree shares or tree producer of sandalwood, with strong aroma and marked by its brown colour.
c. Legislate sandalwood [is] wood coming from tree shares or tree producer of sandalwood, owning fragrant resin content with rather strong aroma, marked by its blackish or black colour have brown interlude [to].
d. Kemedangan [is] wood coming from tree shares or tree producer of sandalwood, owning fragrant resin content with aroma which is weak to be, marked by its ashes white colour until kecoklat-coklatan, harsh fibrous, and its soft wood.
1 agarwood tree picture
Sandalwood come from Ianguage of Sansakerta, that is “ agaru” meaning heavy wood ( tenggelam) as producer of or resin of resin with typical fragrance aroma. Sandalwood [is] often used to make fragrance body and [at] ceremony of ritual religious. Initialy sandalwood exploited by Hindu society [in] region of Assam, India. In Indonesia sandalwood recognized [by] since year 1200-an. Sandalwood Perkembang¬an [is] in Indonesia shown with existence of commerce of Palembang ( Sriwijaya) and of Kalimantan to Kwang Tung, Chinese. Besides Indonesia, till year 1564 sandalwood [is] even also produced by Malaka. In the world of commerce of sandalwood known as [by] Agarwood, Aloewood or of Aeglewood ( Sumarna, 2002).
agarwood tree view
Pursuant to mushroom type findings [at] above mentioned aloe, meaning there are a lot of infection mushroom type capable to aloe.. Thereby researchs of continuation needed to to obtain;get new information [regarding/ hit] various infection mushroom type capable to aloe, especially exist in Kalimantan East.
agarwood photo
This time have [to] engineer forming of sandalwood by inokulasi ( penyuntikan) of mikroorganisme ( mushroom), way of inokulasi have been [done/conducted] [by] [in] Kalimantan West by using 5 mushroom type that is Botryodiplodia sp., Oxysporium Fusarium, F. bulbigenium, F. and laseritium of Pythium sp. ( Ngatiman, 2004). Dkk Umboh. ( 1997) using F. oxysporium, F. solani, Sp Scytallidium., Libertella Sp. and Trichoderma sp. Hall Research and Development of Forestry [in] Samarinda [do/conduct] inoculation of mushroom of Fusarium sp. [at] Aquilaria malaccensis old age nine year [in] arboretum of Sempaja, Samarinda ( Yusliansyah Dkk., 2003).
agarwood oil
Erdy Santoso [in] Bogor in the year 1984 mushroom type insulation of aloe-wood crop which [is] fragrant that is Fusarium oxysporium, F. bulbigenium, F. laseritium, Sp Botryodiplodia. and Pythium sp. So also researcher of University of Mataram ( Dr. Ir. Parman) finding four mushroom type which also the including Fusarium. With this effort, crop time can be quicker, if usually [in] forest await time 10 year, hence with conducting only [about/around] 5-6 just year and after infection by mushroom, legislate can be got [by] after 6-12 months ( Anonim, 2001b). Jalaludin ( 1977) reporting existence of mushroom of Cytosphaera mangiferae as pembentuk legislate sandalwood A. malaccensis. Result of research of Sidiyasa and of Suharti ( 1985) got the existence of various mushroom type like Diplodia sp., Sp Pythium. and Fusarium solani which play a part in forming of sandalwood resin. Differ from Tunstall ( without year) [in] Assam finding mushroom of Aspergillus, Penicillium and of Fusarium [at] ill aloe. Besides research [in] India also find other mushroom type found on resinous network [of] fragrant, that is Torula cylindrocephalum, Lucidum Genoderma and of Epicoccum granulosum ( Parman and of Mulyaningsih, 2004).
agarwood plantation
Sandalwood collection [in] natural forest by society still [done/conducted] by cutting away and choping up the parts of anticipated tree contain sandalwood, by using big knife or axe. Way of this have generated care will be totally disappeared [of] plant type him producer of sandalwood ( Dkk Santoso., 1995). Susilo ( 2003) expressing sandalwood population in this time experience of degradation of abundant hewing effect. Hence [at] conference to IX [all] member of CITES ( Convention On International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna of in of and Flora) November 1994 [in] The Strait of Florida, United States pack into Appendix II ( enclosure loading all flora type and totally disappeared threatened fauna).
Sandalwood represent elite commodity result of forest is not wood ( HHBK), because high commercial valuable and hunted [by] many society. In this time produce sandalwood still base on natural forest, if/when sandalwood production earn program [pass/through] conducting effort, of course this matter represent opportunity to increase earnings of society which is on finally of national income menaikan in welcoming free trade come, besides can preserve the rare of tree producer of sandalwood ( Sumarna, 2002).
Sandalwood represent elite commodity result of forest is not wood ( HHBK), because high commercial valuable and hunted [by] many society. In this time produce sandalwood still base on natural forest, if/when sandalwood production earn program [pass/through] conducting effort, of course this matter represent opportunity to increase earnings of society which is on finally of national income menaikan in welcoming free trade come, besides can preserve the rare of tree producer of sandalwood ( Sumarna, 2002).
agarwood essential oil
Existence of aloe-wood in Indonesia these days start totally disappeared threatened, along the increasing of exporting legislate sandalwood and the wide-speading of hunt of aloe-wood. Seeking and hewing of aloe [done/conducted] many by unversed so that damage of ever greater sandalwood forest. Effect of hunt to all anticipated sandalwood birch contain sandalwood, hence legislating sandalwood of[is quality of rendahpun abundance [in] marketing. According to Soehartono ( without year) in Anonim ( 2001a), amount of cut away aloe mean per year [in] Kalimantan East 15.000 tree, this result downhill aloe population enough signifikan.
agarwood cost
In Indonesia, sandalwood commercialized nationally still in the form of block, chips and or sandalwood serbuk, society not yet interested to process sandalwood furthermorely, for example in the form of product of olahan like sandalwood destilat, perfume, chopstick ( supit) and others, what it is of course will be more improve value sell him ( Soehartono and of Tonny, 2001). In this time state becoming the target of Indonesia sandalwood exporting in gross [is] Europe, Arab and Chinese.
agarwood for sale
Kalimantan East have [about/around] 17 million rich forest hectare [of] plant type of have wood, both for have been recognized and saleable [in] marketing ( species merchantable) and also unheard-of ( species known lesser). Karas ( Aquilaria Malaccensis Lamk.) [is] one of [the] among some birch producer of sandalwood. Sandalwood [is] Iump of resin in form of is solid, tan [of] black kehitaman until aromatic and ( Whitmore, 1972; Sidiyasa and of Suharti, ! 987). According to Suhartono and Newton ( 2000), plant producer of sandalwood [in] Kalimantan East predominated [by] type A. malaccensis, besides there are also type A. beccariana and A. microcarpa. Plant type producer of sandalwood which there are [in] Kalimantan East estimated more than three type because according to information from [all] collector met [by] [in] area of Samboja, Estuary of Wahau, Town Wake Up, Estuary of Kaman, Land;Ground of Grogot, Sangkulirang and of Malinau, sandalwood plant type consist of sandalwood of gombel, sandalwood wish, sandalwood gore with horn mount, sandalwood abstract and coastal sandalwood, unhappily information farther than each;every plant type producer of the sandalwood difficult enough got from collector of sandalwood ( Dkk Yusliansyah., 2003).
agarwood
Sandalwood represent one of [the] used as [by] exporting commodity pencampur of obat-obatan, producer incense and odorous oil ( Schuitemaker, 1988). Bar plant husk producer of sandalwood can be used as [by] matting materials like bag, hat, string and crate ( Tantra, 1981; Heyne, 1987; Sidiyasa and of Suharti, 1987).
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